Vietjet Aviation Joint Stock Company, Known As Vietjet

Vietjet Aviation Joint Stock Company, known as Vietjet Air, belongs to a biggest private and LCC low-cost carrier in Vietnam. Over the years its operation it has quickly won passengers’ hearts to become the most favourite airline in Vietnam and in the region (Routesonline, 2017). Vietjet was also voted as â€Å"Vietnam’s Most Favourite Airline† by The Vietnam’s Economic Times and the â€Å"Best Asian Low Cost Carrier† at the TTG Travel Awards 2015, and for 5 years of taking off and serving the customers, Vietjet has been honoured with 32 domestic awards and 9 significant international awards (Vietjetair, 2017). In February 2017, Vietjet received full membership from the International Air Transportation Association (IATA), affirming the new-age†¦show more content†¦The agency noted that the delays set off a number of quarrels between customers and low-cost carriers for failing to provide satisfactory explanations or solutions. At other times, the website reported, the carriers didn t make staff available to answer questions. The carriers were accused of being poor problem solvers, as they usually informed passengers of the delays or cancellation at the last possible minute, and repeatedly changed flight times. Many passengers complained to local media about a tendency for local airlines to only inform passengers of cancellations a couple hours before the scheduled departure time or after they have waited a couple hours at the airport. When the carriers sent text messages to passengers about the delays, they did not apologize and failed to provide an explanation or compensation for the inconvenience. Worse still, many passengers at the airport were not provided with food while waiting for their flights to be resumed. Lack of proper punishments seems to be a problem in the country s aviation industry, which has seen sharp increases in the rates of delays and cancellations recently. Service failure Service failure and recovery play important roles in determining service quality and customer satisfaction (Smith Bolton, 1998). It has also been suggested that

Plumbing Business Free Essays

string(43) " the World Plumbing Council \(WPC\) \[6\]\." INTRODUCTION Plumbing (from the Latin plum bum for lead as pipes were once made from lead) is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes. We will write a custom essay sample on Plumbing Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. The name of my small plumbing business is water tubes plumbing co. it is located at obehie, very close to veritas university, it provides homes with the best of plumbing services, with a great range of new equipment. Executive Summary Water Tubes Plumbing  is a Eugene-based plumbing company that has chosen residential new homes as their niche. Water Tubes will be able to handle any service request for plumbing of volume home builds or custom new homes. By concentrating on a specific segment of the market, Water Tubes will be able to rapidly gain market share  demonstrating their proficiency and professionalism in serving a specific market niche. Water Tubes will leverage their competitive edges of professionalism and trim quality by properly training all of their employees and impress customers who are used to the lackadaisical attitude of most plumbers. Water Tubes will have a total of four employees and will reach profitability by month eight. Objectives The objectives for the first three years of operation include: To  develop a  company whose primary goal is to exceed customer’s expectations. To increase sales so in four to five years Don can hire another master plumber. To create a sustainable business, surviving off its own cash flow. Mission Water Tubes Plumbing’s  mission is to provide the finest new house plumbing installation. We exist to attract and maintain customers. When we adhere to this maxim, everything else will fall into place. Our services will exceed the expectations of our customers. Keys to Success The keys to success are to provide the customer with a fair price and outstanding service. Materials Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo or stone. Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Present-day drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in modern water-supply piping due to its toxicity. The ‘straight’ sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as ‘brazing’, ‘compression fitting’, ‘crimping’, or for plastics, ‘solvent welding’. Fittings and valves In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss these features further. Fixtures Plumbing fixtures are designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations. Equipment Plumbing equipment, not present in all systems, include, for example, water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, backflow preventers, filters, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems. Now there is equipment that is technologically advanced and helps plumbers fix problems without the usual hassles. For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems, they use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement. Systems Copper piping system in a building with in tumescent fire stop being installed by an insulator, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are: Potable cold and hot water supply Traps, drains, and vents Septic systems Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage Fuel gas piping For their environmental benefit and sizable energy savings hot water heat recycling units are growing in use throughout the residential building sectors. Further ecological concern has seen increasing interest in grey-water recovery and treatment systems. Self-leveling silicone fire stop installation in mechanical service penetration in 2 hour rated concrete floor. Fire stopping is required where mechanical pent rants traverse fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies, or membranes thereof. This work is usually done worldwide by the insulation trade and/or specialty fire stop sub-contractors. Regulation Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public’s health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners. In the United Kingdom the professional body is the newly Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned; there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly – see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization(WHO) [8] and the World Plumbing Council (WPC) [6]. You read "Plumbing Business" in category "Papers" WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing. Starting up a plumbing business Well, if you are starting your own business involving skilled workers working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for water systems and drainage, then you should know exactly where your plumber is. If you wish to launch your own plumbing business, the first thing that you should decide on is what kind of plumbing business you wish to start: service-oriented or product-oriented. If you are a business entrepreneur and you want to start a product-oriented plumbing business, you basically act as a supplier of pipes and tubing paraphernalia. You can also sell tools and other equipments to supplement your plumbing supply business. On the other hand, a service-oriented plumbing business can go two ways: a plumbing and heating business, and a fix-‘er-upper. The former is a business arrangement where you set up the necessary components of plumbing, heating and drainage in any architectural structure. The latter, on the other hand, is the most common type of small business plumbing type. The fix-‘er-upper (from the term fix her up) is when a house owner calls up a plumber to fix a broken sink or a clogged toilet, etc. This kind of business can still be categorized further as contractor and small business plumbing. For purposes of discussion in this article, we will detail what business entrepreneurs need to do in order to start a fix-‘er-upper plumbing business. Obviously, you would need a plumber for this trade, preferably a skilled plumber who can install and repair piping systems, plumbing fixtures and water heaters. If you are a contractor, you need to know where to find reliable and trustworthy plumbers. Try to hire ones that have the most experience and are able to do quick work with minimal supervision. If you have inexperienced workers, it would be best to apprentice them with your veteran plumbers on their first few runs. As a contractor, it is your duty to buy the equipments and tools your workers need, get them to your clients when called and bill your clients accordingly. The plumbing business is a lucrative trade, if and when your plumbers can get to a job on time. Starting a plumbing business like this entails registering your business, acquiring a plumbing business license and even maybe acquiring plumbing business software so that you can bill your clients immediately and precisely. Transportation is important. The other type of fix-‘er-upper plumbing business involves just you, provided of course that you are a plumber. As a micro-entrepreneur, you can start this business from home; you don’t even need a complicated business set up as long as you’ve got the skills and tools to do the job. A successful business of this sort still needs to be registered and licensed, so don’t overlook that. Your business success is actually dependent on two things: how well you do your job (that your clients will seek and refer your services often) and how well you advertise your trade. As a plumbing business owner, you know that your services will not have a running start unless people know that you are a plumber, and that your services are available. Plumbing business cards are essential. If you can’t afford these as of yet, putting up flyers and home-made posters can do most of the advertising for you. However, nothing beats word-of-mouth advertising. So tell your friends and family members that you are starting a plumbing business and ask them to help refer you to potential clients. Know the local requirements In addition to understanding the general guidelines for setting up any small business, you must explore the specific professional, legal and regulatory guidelines that are required to set up and operate a plumbing business in your locality. Licensing Professional licensing and certification requirements must be obtained to start and operate a plumbing business. Each state may have a different name for its licensing agency, but typically they have a name like The Department of Business ; Professional Regulation or the Construction Industry Licensing Board. Seek assistance from local business development providers You can also seek guidance and assistance from organizations in your area such as the local chapter of score or a local Small Business Development Center. Seek assistance from trade groups Before setting up a plumbing contracting business, find out if there is a local chapter of a national trade association like the Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Association (see link below) who can provide you with information about the requirements of setting up a plumbing business in your area. After being established, a membership in such organizations can provide you access to business and management training, along with professional development resources. Marketing a plumbing business It takes time and effort to grow any small business. As is the case with most service industries, plumbers tend to find most of their customers through word of mouth. The key to great word of mouth referrals is to provide great service at a reasonable cost to your current customers. Traditionally, telephone Yellow Page listings are important to developing business for residential repair and maintenance business. Internet advertising, especially search advertising, is becoming more and more important to any professional service provider like plumbers. You need to know how to make sure that potential customers find your company’s name when they search for a plumber in your vicinity. Franchise and cooperative marketing plumbing businesses Rather than create a totally new plumbing business, some plumbers consider buying a franchise of a national or regional franchise plumbing company. (Be sure to read the SmallBusiness. com Guide to Franchising for important suggestions and background on things you should explore when considering becoming a franchisee. ) In some locations, independent contractors may enter into joint marketing cooperatives that allow them to gain referrals and other marketing services in exchange for a recurring fee or commission. Plumbing Business Plan If you are to open A Plumbing Business you will need to do a lot of things! We have no doubt that if you are to open A Plumbing Business you will understand everything about the Plumbing Business but we can help you with a simple checklist of the things that every business has to do. Decide whether to buy an existing business, start a new business, or buy a franchise. Decide on the form of business: partnership, limited company, corporation or sole proprietorship. Estimate how much cash you will need to start your business advertising, fixtures, decorating, inventory, fees, working capital, etc. and estimate your monthly expenses. If the business will be incorporated you must decide where. If you will form a partnership, draft the partnership agreement. Check local laws in regard to zoning, permits, and licenses your business may require. Obtain a minute book, corporate seal, and stock certificates. Conduct a market analysis to determine the viability of your enterprise. Select and reserve a corporate name (first and second choices). Select officers and directors (names, addresses, and Social Security numbers). Develop marketing, advertising, and public relations plans. Develop a capitalization / borrowing / credit / debt service plan and cash flow plan Objectives The objectives for the first three years of operation include: To  develop a  company whose primary goal is to exceed customer’s expectations. To increase sales so in four to five years Don can hire another master plumber. To create a sustainable business, surviving off its own cash flow. Profitably carry out quality Hydraulic projects within Australia whilst:  · Producing workmanship in excess of our clients requirements.  · Completing projects earlier than the contracted completion dates.  · Ensuring the health and safety of employees and the general public.  · Minimising disturbance to and effects on the environment. Providing secure and satisfying employment for all employees. A sample of a company’s plumbing plan Company Summary Water Tubes Plumbing, soon to be located in Eugene, OR, will offer plumbing services for residential new houses as well as custom new houses. The business will be based out of Don Roto’s house. Water Tubes will have four employees by the end of the year. Start-up Summary Water Tubes will require the following equipment and materials: Two trucks (used) fitted with a pipe rack on top. Assorted pipes (different diameters and materials). Assorted fittings. A 30 gallon bucket to store fittings. Pipe wrenches. Reciprocating saw. Circular saw. Whole hog (high torque right angle drill). Cordless screw gun. Propane torch. Cast iron pipe cutter. Extension cords. Pipe dope (Teflon tape in paste form). Computer with CD-RW, printer, Microsoft Office, QuickBooks Pro. Desk, chair, and filling cabinet, and assorted stationary. Mobile phone. Please note that the items which are considered assets to be used for more than a year will be labeled long-term assets and will be depreciated using G. A. A. P. approved straight-line depreciation method. How to cite Plumbing Business, Papers

Communication in Business Ethics Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Communication in Business Ethics Strategy. Answer: Introduction This report discusses about the Toyota Motor Group, it is a public company in automotive sector started in 1937.Toyota deals in automotive vehicles, metal building and component manufacturing like trucks, utility vehicle, heavy duty vehicles and many other electrical and electronics equipment. Companys main competitors are Honda, General Motors and Ford. In this report, we are going to discuss about our new product Prius which will target our lower to medium range of customers. Toyota is going to launch new model of car Prius and will be 4600 mm long and 1800 wide. It will have good wheelbase of around 2700 mm. It will target our lower to medium range of customers and will provide both affordability and comfort to our customers. Due to its less operational cost, it will be useful both for rentals and private customers. We will discuss the list of various stakeholders which will be relevant for our product and how can be communicate and engage with them. We will also discuss how impor tant are these stakeholders for new product launch. Ahead of this, we will discuss various communication channels to launch our product in the market. We will analyze each channel in detail and check feasibility of each channel. Stakeholders Our communication strategy will be different for all stakeholders in Australia, and we will make sure that we follow a code of ethics while dealing with our stakeholders. We are member of the Australian Industry group, automotive Industry Innovation council. Below given are the relevant list of stakeholders for Toyota Prius and the communication channels that how will we engage with them. Toyota Motor Corporation Our new car Toyota Prius is a product of Toyota Australia. Toyota Australia is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation. Being a parent company, we will share a high level of interaction between the two companies. This will be our internal stakeholders where we will share knowledge and relevant information about our new car. The discussion could be both informal and formal. This will help us to improve our performance and internal operation regarding our product (Toyota Team, 2014). Employees Employees are also important internal stakeholder for our new product Prius. Our car will manufacture at our Altona, Victoria site. Only motivated and managed employees can give us desired results. When employees are engaged and guided properly only then they can work at their best. We will engage and employees via both formal and informal communication channels. We will conduct annual presentations with a President and regular discussions with the board of Director. Before each shift start for manufacturing of Prius, we will hold a pre-start production meeting and they will be given thorough training for its parts. Monthly, quarterly meetings will be held with Directors and seniors to make sure employees have got the message effectively. For our product we will also employee engagement and communication through our formal consideration like employee bulletins and newsletters (Rowland, 2015). We will also ask for suggestion and improvement areas from our employees to make our Product best in the industry. Customers For Prius, we will target lower to medium passenger buyers. Our car is first mass hybrid car and has less competition and substitute compared to others in the segment, we will provide comfort and affordability to our customer which no other car in the same segment will provide. Our market will consist of business buyers and private buyers. Business buyers will be who will give a car on rental purpose, due to its less operating cost it will affordable for all. Private buyers are those who are willing to purchase our car for their personal use. This is an important stakeholder and our profits are dependent on them so we need to understand their wants and desires thoroughly to succeed in the market. We will engage our customers through the dealers network in Australia. We will communicate with customers regarding our new product launch through customer assistance centers. Dealers Our dealers will be important for our new product launch of Prius. With our dealers network of 210 and around 300 dealers we will be able to achieve our initial sales target of our product. We will communicate with dealers through reference bulletins, newsletters and social media. All bulletins will be updated to get latest information about our product. Suppliers Suppliers will support us to get the viable material time to time. Our large supple chain will help us to get the right material for our product Prius. Only quality material will help us to produce best cars. We will engage our suppliers through regular information updates and annual conferences (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2013). Community By producing Prius, we aim to provide a car to the community which is affordable, environmental friendly which will produce less pollution and will provide a great deal of comfort for our customers. We will take the help of our Toyota Community Foundation to spread awareness about our product. We will involve our employees for the same. Government Maintaining good relations with local Government is very important for our new product launch. This will become a medium for us to discuss public policy decision related to our industry in open. We will take help from the local government of Australia regarding key issues and challenges of our new product launch (Nkomo, 2012). We will take help from our Australian Industry Group, Center for Corporate Affairs and many more as we are permanent members of such organizations. Objective and scope of communication plan Campaign Objectives are essential to set goals that have to be attained by strategic activities. There are three levels at which objectives are required to be set. These are Corporate, marketing and communication. For an effective introduction of a brand new vehicle in the market, marketing objectives are very important. The name of the car that is to be launched is Prius. A communication plan is very essential in fulfilling the goals and is in coordination with the various activities of the company such as production, sales, and purchasing etc. Objectives:- To reach the target audience effectively (Takeuchi, Osono, Shimizu, 2008). To make the prospective customers aware about the new car that is to be launched. To let know the customers about the features and specifications of the new car since it is launched with new technology. Only then they would be interested in buying the same. To generate lots of excitement among the target audience through word of mouth. To inspire customers to discover more about the new car Prius. Provision of visiting the website, ordering flyers, visiting a nearby dealer or requesting a test drive should be created for the customers (Prius, 2003). To marketed the car in such a way that it may be considered as a total substitute to outdated cars. To enable the purchase. Stress should be given on converting a large percentage of customer visits to showroom into sales. Formal and informal communication channels and its advantages disadvantages Communications Mix Public relations are helpful because it brings great credibility to the company at a minimal price. Communication through Public Relations will be very significant Prius car campaign will rely on a combination of communication media rather than commercial advertisements. PR activities would stress on print publications, but will also focus on Television programmes related to cars. Press releases of the launch and other promotional events would be made available to the auto industry and target audience. Hoardings/ billboards would be fixed in cities to reach the broader customer base through less expenditure. Fixing these at busy areas will invite visibility of the Prius car to more and more people. A website of the car would also provide entire information and electronic brochures for the purpose of download (Team, 2015). The advantage of the Billboards is that it will be highly visible and disadvantage is that it is expensive and the general public might forget about it. Brand Ambassador: A good celebrity who is known as a family man would be the brand ambassador for our Prius Car. The advantage is that people associate high status and credibility with the right ambassador. The disadvantage is that the communication plan has to work around his schedule. Another important form of communication that enables sales is Personal selling. It is appropriate in this case because selling a car requires high involvement and requires a higher conviction for enabling purchase. The activity of personal selling shall be performed by local agents who should be given perquisite training about the new car through reading materials provided to dealers and conferences. They would be apprised with the benefits that come with the new car so that they can effectively communicate to the customers and should possess the ability to contradict objections raised by the customers about the product. Personal selling is also effective when the target audience is corporate who require cars for using them as cabs. Corporate buyers make purchases in bulk, so they demand presentations to be made by the seller company to enable a purchase. Hence, through personal selling Toyotas representative can convince the buyers that Prius cars are appropriate for their fleet. Th e expenditure of training will be covered in the dealers plus Toyotas overheads. The advantage of giving presentation is that it will help in marketing and will be available over the internet. The disadvantage is that it cannot withhold the last amount of information. Personal selling is very essential for the general public as well as the clients of the car. Internal communication will ensure that it is incorporated with all other mediums of communication. We have also planned to provide ten vehicles as gifts in lucky draw. Both pull and push market strategy will be used (Calif, 2013). The customer market will be majorly determined by a pull strategy and the business customer market will use push strategy. Sales Promotion is helpful in the initial period of launch to escalate acceptance of the product. Advertising will be the medium to make the customers aware about the USP of the car. Direct mail will be sent to the customers to inform them about the test drive bookings. Toyota has a complete track of the database of customers. There will be a pre testing of the campaign to verify if the message has reached the customer in the way it was intended to. A second mail or newsletter will be sent at the time of the launch of the car with detailed specifics and would also formally announce the launch of the car. At this point in time the clients can pre order the car. They can also book a test drive with the nearby dealer. The process has to be incorporated with the nearby dealers mailing process. These mails will also be sent to the corporate buyers. The mails will be in electronic form in order to emphasize on the modern outlook of the car. These emails would facilitate the customers to purchase the car online which would be convenient for the customers. The mails will also have attach ed brochures. The advantage of brochure and newsletter is that it can provide lots of information and is not expensive. The disadvantage is that it would have limited distribution and requires written literacy (Buttner, 2015). Press release will be done at the time of the early stage of the launch of the car, it will create a positive impact and provide awareness and interest in educating customers about the advantages and features of the car. The car is a breakthrough technological innovation therefore media will automatically talk about it and more coverage will be requested. The communication with the help of TV, internet will affect the most in terms of communication. A creative strategy will be used to target the mindset through these mediums. Advertising will be a step by step process and will aware, educate the general public and would eventually turn into a visit to the dealer. The major advantages are that television has a wide reach. It has high status and credibility attached to it. Customers can see both audio as well as video. The disadvantage is that it is expensive communication channel and programmes are not on air at the users convenient time. Nevertheless, communication through Television is the most preferred medium as it caters to a broad range and has a huge effect in the minds of the audience. The popular programs would be made use of to a large extent along with the ads. Big and popular TV channels will be used (Pratiwi, 2013). Print advertising will be done through popular newspapers on both back cover and the second page. More advertisements will be done through a car magazine. The advantage is that the audience can review and re-read about the car, also it has high status attached with it. The disadvantage is that does not has a wide reach as that of a television. Effectiveness of communication plan Our communication strategy would comprise of a mix of advertising through TV and print, PR, mail and intensive selling that will be offered by the dealers. Internet will be having an essential role in case of advertising. Though this plan is a model and is likely to change if testing does not deliver positive results. Several meetings will be held to plan the unanimous message of the communication before the launch of the car. Conclusion In the end we can conclude that to launch our new car Balinia, all internal and external stakeholders are important. We will engage with our parent company, employees, customers, local government, community, suppliers and dealers get the best results which are desired for our new car. The product will be launched in the market through various communication channels. PR activities would stress on print publications, but will also focus on Television programmes related to cars. Press releases of the launch and other promotional events would be made available to the auto industry and target audience. Hoardings/ billboards would be fixed in cities to reach the broader customer base through less expenditure. Fixing these at busy areas will invite visibility of the Prius car to more and more people. A website of the car would also provide entire information and electronic brochures for the purpose of download. Advertising will be the medium to make the customers aware about the USP of the car. Direct mail will be sent to the customers to inform them about the test drive bookings. Press release will be done at the time of the early stage of the launch of the car, it will create a positive impact and provide awareness and interest in educating customers about the advantages and features of the car. Our communication strategy would comprise of a mix of advertising through TV and print, PR, mail and intensive selling that will be offered by the dealers. Internet will be having an essential role in case of advertising. References Buttner, D. (2015). Toyota Sustainability report. Toyota. Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/sustainability/cms/download/2015/Toyota_Full_Report.pdf Calif, T. (2013, September 05). Integrated Marketing Campaign Elevates 2014 Toyota Corolla to New Heights. Integrated Marketing Campaign Elevates 2014 Toyota Corolla to New Heights. Retrieved from https://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/2014+toyota+corolla+integrated+marketing+campaign.htm Nkomo, T. (2012). Analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation. Harvard. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/tnkomo/files/analysis_of_toyota.pdf Pratiwi, M. (2013, April 09). Toyota Marketing Mix. Toyota Marketing Mix. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/zghlss-wt99b/toyota-marketing-mix/ Prius, T. (2003). Toyota Prius; Marketing Communications Plan . Andidas. Retrieved from https://images.template.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/09232204/example-of-marketing-communication-plan.pdf Rowland, C. (2015, September 24). Toyotas Stakeholders: A CSR Analysis. Toyotas Stakeholders: A CSR Analysis. Retrieved from https://panmore.com/toyota-stakeholders-csr-analysis Takeuchi, H., Osono, E., Shimizu, N. (2008, June). The Contradictions That Drive Toyotas Success. The Contradictions That Drive Toyotas Success. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/06/the-contradictions-that-drive-toyotas-success Team, U. (2015, March 23). Integrated Marketing Communication Plan For Toyota Motor Corporation Marketing . Integrated Marketing Communication Plan For Toyota Motor Corporation Marketing . Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/integrated-marketing-communication-plan-for-toyota-motor-corporation-marketing-essay.php Toyota Motor Corporation. (2013). Stakeholder engagement. Toyota. Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/sustainability/cms/download/Why_We_Report_5-8.pdf Toyota Team. (2014). Our stakeholders: Sustainability Report . Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/sustainability/cms/download/Toyota_Stakeholder.pdf.

Juvenile Drug Use Essays - Drug Culture, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Juvenile Drug Use A drug is a substance that alters the mind, body or both. Drug use is the increasing problem among teenagers in colleges today. Most drug use begins in the preteen and teenage years, these years most crucial in the maturation process (Shiromoto 5). During these years adolescents are faced with difficult tasks of discovering their self identity, clarifying their sexual roles, assenting independence, learning to cope with authority and searching for goals that would give their lives meaning. Drugs are readily, adolescents are curious and venerable, and there is peer pressure to experiment, and there us a temptation to escape from conflicts. The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability. Drugs addiction among adolescents in turn lead to depression and suicide (Shiromoto 12). One of the most important reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure makes drugs seem popular, makes you have a fear of being an outcast, and since everyone is doing it, it is the cool thing to doright? Wrong. Peer pressure represents social influences that effect adolescents, it can have a positive, or a negative effect, depending on person's social group and one can follow one path of the other. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. In today's colleges, drugs are very common; peer pressure usually is the reason for their usage (www.nodrugs.com 1). If the people in your social group use drugs, there will be pressure a direct or indirect pressure from them. A person may be offered to try drugs, which is direct pressure. Indirect pressure is when someone sees everyone around him using drugs and he might think that there is nothing wrong with using drugs. People might try drugs just to fit in the social norms, even if a person had no intentions of using drugs one might do it just to be considered cool by his friends. Today drugs are considered to be an acceptable social phenomenon by many teenagers. If parents are involved with children on a day-to-day basis, they will more than likely know when the child starts to take drugs because of the big changes going on in their lives. There are many positive alternatives to drugs, so drugs are not the only fun and cool things to do (www.nodrugs.com 2). Before children descend into drug addiction a whole array of signals normally appears, suggesting the family is in trouble. Few people are equipped to recognize these signs (Henican 181). Stresses of everyday living is just too great a burden to bear alone; they feel like they need a protective shell, that invisible physic capsule they can hide inside. Most high school students said that some time in their lives they have used alcohol, drugs, or tobacco. More than seventy one percent of high school students have tried cigarettes, forty two percent have smoked marijuana, twenty seven percent had a cigar, seven percent tried cocaine, and eighty percent had a drink of alcohol (Dryfoos 26). In today's colleges the availability and variety of drugs is widespread. There is a demand for drugs and the supply is plentiful. Since drugs are so easy accessible, a natural interest in them may develop. A person may hear about drugs experiences, on reactions of drug usage, such as Hey the weed that he sold us was cool, I got stoned man. This response will create a sense of curiosity and may convince the person to try drugs themselves. Many teenagers today believe that the first use of drugs is safe. However, although there is no instant addiction with the first try, teenagers tend to experiment further (Teen Drug Abuse 3). Soon a person could actively seek the euphoric effects of drugs. Drug addiction is the result of intense preoccupation with the dicer to experience the mental and bodily changes with drug use. The final and the most disastrous stage are when a person needs drugs in order to function adequately. Therefore, availability, curiosity, and experimentation could result in drug addiction among teenagers (Teen Drug Abuse 6). One of the most devastating side effects of drug addiction and abuse is depression. Depression is the

Deracialization in Black Politics essays

Deracialization in Black Politics essays There is currently a debate going on regarding the significance of deracialization as an ongoing development in American politics. The term "deracialization," when applied to American electoral politics, refers to the conduction of a political campaign by a black candidate in which racial issues and themes are minimized, if not avoided completely (Perry 1). This is done to increase white electoral support, and the candidate is usually running for a position in a district that has a white majority. Although deracialization has existed in the black political scene for a longer time, this concept was particularly important to the 1989 elections in which nine African-American candidates were elected or reelected to public office (Perry 1). This election was not only important before of the number of African-Americans who were elected, but also because many of these positions represented the first time that an African-American had been elected to that particular position. Four of these nine successful candidates conducted Barone also points out that 1994 was an excellent election year for black candidates. New African-American candidates began emerging from the places that have produced successful female candidates - "the lower-ranking political offices that have traditionally been the stepping stones for ambitious politicians" (23).The debate concerning deracialization has two majorcomponents. First, scholars ask if deracialization trulyserves to increase the number of elected black officials; and, secondly, does conducting a deracialized campaign affect the subsequent performance of the candidate while in office? What kind of representation can blacks expect from Perry points out that it would be wrong to conclude based purely on ideology that public officials who use deracialization to win an election would not serve black interests. Additionally, he adds that deracialization does not thr...

Dissertation Subjects

Dissertation Subjects Dissertation Subjects Dissertation Subjects The choice of a dissertation subject is very important, and it should be started long before you begin writing your paper. You can be a skillful researcher and a brilliant writer, but if you fail to make an adequate choice among lots of possible dissertation subjects, your work will probably not be a success. The Choice of Dissertation Subjects Choosing your dissertation subject, consider its scope. Your subject should be quite broad to allow you to gather enough evidence and consider all the questions within your topic. For example, if you are assigned to write a dissertation in geography, it is not reasonable to write about the problem of pollution in the UK, because you will not be able to cover this topic within the scope of your dissertation. That means your subject should be quite narrow for you to be able to make a deep analysis of the problem. What is more, your investigation should fit in your word limit. Dissertation subjects should be evaluated according to the students background knowledge. It is not a good idea to start writing about something which is absolutely new to you, you will not be able to develop it within the time you have. Actually, you do not have enough time to waste it on experiments. Good Dissertation Topics Are Innovative You know that good dissertation subjects should be new. Still, it does not mean they should be completely new, you are supposed to investigate subjects that already exist. But it is important that you investigate this subject in a new, original way. Choosing a dissertation subject is to some extent more difficult than writing a dissertation itself. You will have to read a lot, considering possible dissertation subjects, to determine what has been done before. The results of your work will be very useful when you pass over to writing a literature review and proposal. Make use of the resources your advisor can offer you, he can show you the way where you can find a subject worthy of research. Your supervisor will probably offer you some dissertation subjects to choose from, and it will be reasonable to accept this help. Choose the one appealing to you. Remember, that if you have support of your supervisor, your committee will probably be more loyal to you, too. Final Note on Dissertation Topics Finally, the most important aspect of a dissertation subject is that it should be interesting for you, as a good topic is the one that you like!

Financial Crisis Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Crisis Assignment - Case Study Example Its effects were far reached and almost everyone on the globe was impacted by it on some level. Those who were closer to financial markets and deeply involved in the investment business faced greater impacts and are still incurring huge losses. This crisis raised questions that pointed fingers on the functioning of the global financial markets. The liquidity crisis was triggered by a bunch of policies that were implemented by the United States banking system to promote massive investment and growth in the economy. Nevertheless, what started as an attempt to increase consumer spending and encourage investor confidence soon turned out to be the underlying weakness in the financial system. The imbalance in the global economy became too massive for any individual government to control and with the passage of time it only worsened. A critical part was played by the developed economies whose excessively loose monetary policies during the early part of this decade contributed in widening th e gap between the West and the East. It is very interesting to know that the budget deficit of the United States was at an all time high during 2006-2007, while on the other hand huge surpluses were being recorded in Asia, particularly China and other oil exporting countries of Middle East. If we look at figures they reveal a clearer picture, the current account balance as a percent of GDP for US was -4.7%, while for China, Saudi Arabia, Russia and UAE was 10%, 28.9%, 6.1% and 15.8% respectively. Analyzing the figures it clarifies that even after the West was generating billions of dollars in revenue, the global net flow was concentrated towards the Eastern giants as they were becoming powerful by the day. This can be strongly attributed to the fact that the gap between the saving-investment function was extensive and this gap was only widening with time since developing countries started relying more heavily on developed economies to provide for their development expenditures. Ther e were some direct impacts of these huge cross-border financial flows on the financial intermediation process. (Mohan) One of the major causes of the crisis is attributed to the sub-prime lending in the housing industry in America. In order to increase the share several banks gave loans to individuals who were doubtful of paying back their installments in the future. Nevertheless, since in the short run it would show an artificial boast in the economy along with a positive growth of the company many bankers and financial institutions to fulfill their personal interest gave top notch credit ratings to doubtful individuals. This resulted in a massive spending in the housing sector even though it was clear this was only short-lived. Banks gave loans on negligible interest rates at times even below 1%, showing the extent of how eager they were to raise their customer base. The financial sector was involved in a personal struggle to widen its customer base. Derivates were used to inject huge sums of money from the investors in the market, but these derivatives were passed on to other investors and so on. The original derivative holder had no idea who was in possession of his derivative as it was a long chain that no one was aware of. The derivative market surpassed the whole US GDP number and according to estimates in 2010 the US GDP stood at $14 trillion dollars compared to the $300 trillion derivative market. It is apparent that the market was financially diluted and

Business law (Qatar) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business law (Qatar) - Essay Example Qatar is regarded as one of those wealthy countries in the world along with greatest mounting economies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It is worth mentioning that Qatar has introduced and developed trademark law for gaining help in conducting a business efficiently in varied domestic regions (Government of the State of Qatar, 2015). According to Qatar law, infringement is deemed to be regarded as one of the crucial issues. Thus, to prevent infringement in Qatar, domestic companies can register their trademarks according to industrial design governing the trademark, which came into effect after the year 2002. Companies are ought to commercially register for trademark law to get qualified for the respective services. Besides, any company in Qatar can use this trademark registration for ten years (WIPO, 2006). The various forms of trademark can be clearly understood from the following tabular representation: According to Qatar Trademark Law no. 3/1978, the Qatari official regulates the defense of trade as well as industrial marks. There lay certain specific processes or steps for registering the trademark for any company in Qatar (Government of the State of Qatar, 2015). According to the article 9 to 12, the processes of registering trademark have been discussed in detail below. Under the trademark law in Qatar, an owner of trademark can resort to civil remedies, if any case of infringement made by third party. Then, only the owner can forward this process along with filing a lawsuit before the court of civil jurisdiction (Simmons & Simmons, 2013). The respective government of Qatar is planning to adopt an effecting law to combat phishing as well as cyber-squatting, but this plan of the government is still waiting for the approval of higher authority of ministry. In relation to this consequence, cases related to online transactions as

The Current Legislation Essay Example for Free

The Current Legislation Essay 1.1: Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. In every school, they will have a set of policies which will put in place in order to set out the procedures and guidelines in order to ensure that equality is within the school. These policies are extremely important within a school as this will allow all staff and students to understand the importance of equality and so that they take into account rights off all different individual and different groups within in the school for example religion. These policies will work to in ensure inclusion and equality and not only cover teaching and learning within a classroom but with all different other needs, such as aspects of school life. It can be seen as an important part of a role to have an understanding on the relevant legislations and the purpose these have been set into place. This will enable you to have a greater knowledge into your role and the responsibility of actually following these legislations and policies. Through having an understanding on these roles, it will also give you a greater knowledge on legal duties of the school. Legislations are put in place on purpose to support different factors. Here are a list of a range of different legislations, which form a basis of government statutory codes of practice and frameworks and school policies and procedures relating to equal opportunity and inclusive practice. Equality act 2010: This new act sets out legal duty of all public bodies to provide equality and opportunity for all people. Special educational needs and disability act 2001: This act makes it impossible and unlawful for any educational provider to discriminate against pupils with special educational needs or a disability. Human rights act 1998: This act ensures that every individual has right to take legal action of their right have been affected. Education act 1996: The purpose of this act is that schools have responsibilities towards children with special educational needs and it is required from them to provide additional resources, equipment and support to meet their needs. Children act 1989: the purpose of this act is the duty of local authorities, including schools to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Children act 2004: sets out the legal duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the 5 every child matters outcomes. Disability discrimination act 1995: this act protects the rights off all those people who have disabilities. It places legal duty on schools as well as any other organisation, to eliminate barriers to ensure that all disable people can gain equal access to services provided. Disability discrimination act 2005: the purpose of this act is to ensure every school has to produce a disability equality scheme and an access plan. It is about every school having a plan on how to accommodate children with disabilities as well as parents who have the same. Race relations act 2000 (amendment): all organisations have to promote good relationships between people from all different races.

Terrorism in Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan :: essays research papers fc

Terrorism in Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan One boy tried to escape, but he was caught. They made him eat a mouthful of red pepper, and five people were beating him. His hands were tied, and then they made us, the other new captives, kill him with a stick. I felt sick. I knew this boy from before. We were from the same village. I refused to kill him and they told me they would shoot me. They pointed a gun at me, so I had to do it. The boy was asking me, "Why are you doing this?" I said I had no choice. After we killed him, they made us smear his blood on our arms. I felt dizzy. There was another dead body nearby, and I could smell the body. I felt so sick. They said we had to do this so we would not fear death and so we would not try to escape. I feel so bad about the things that I did . . . . It disturbs me so much--that I inflicted death on other people . . . . When I go home I must do some traditional rites because I have killed. I must perform these rites and cleanse myself. I still dream about the boy from my village who I killed. I see him in my dreams, and he is talking to me and saying I killed him for nothing, and I am crying. - Susan, sixteen Susan is not speaking of a well known atrocity. She is not talking about the holocaust, apartheid, or slavery. She is speaking about a situation going on right now in this day and age. She is telling the story of her time with the Lord’s Resistance Army, a terrorist group operating in Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan. Timothy tells of his time as well: I was good at shooting. I went for several battles in Sudan. The soldiers on the other side would be squatting, but we would stand in a straight line. The commanders were behind us. They would tell us to run straight into gunfire. The commanders would stay behind and would beat those of us who would not run forward. You would just run forward shooting your gun. I don't know if I actually killed any people, because you really can't tell if you're shooting people or not. I might have killed people in the course of the fighting .

Diana Cazares Photo Write Essay Nightlife

He was born on October 7, 1891 in New Orleans, Louisiana and died on January 16, 1981 at the age Of 89 in Chicago, Illinois. He is one of the major contributors to the Harlem Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement, a time in which African American art reached new heights not only in New York but across America. His early paintings of night scenes, and crowd scenes were influenced by jazz culture, and are perhaps his most popular and most prolific. It looks like with all the dancing, drinking, and socializing going on, they would forget the outside world.I can imagine how troubles would slide off, for a moment of fun and abandon. I hope can give this painting justice with my words. Sincerely, Diana Cares Dry. Marcia Mitchell English. 1301 . VII Archibald John Motley Jar. American, 1891-1981 Nightlife, 1943 â€Å"Nightlife† came across this painting after searching and searching all of the links provided. I am drawn to vibrant colors, music, and dancing, so it was no surprise th at this particular painting had caught my eye. Music helps me in my troubled times, somehow sways my thoughts to more positive ones.What Archibald depicts in this painting is a contrast as to what was going on in reality. Racism roamed among African-American society but in the midst of this club, all you can see is people making the most Of their life, relishing in the jazz music. As stare at this picture, I see a crowd of African-American people enjoying a night at a cabaret, as it was called back then. In the background you see two bartenders tending to the needs of their customers. The wall is lined with countless selection of spirits, tempting the already intoxicated patrons.You can see people sitting down at the counter, awaiting someone to pull them up to dance and forget the outside world. Others are already looking three sheets to the wind, their heads on the counter. Couples sitting at tables, equally taking pleasure in the music, yet still caught up in each other. The musi c seems to be stimulating their senses into wild abandon. There's a jukebox to the right blasting the invigorating tunes. So much movement every. Veer with people dancing to the music, you could almost hear it from the look on their faces.The women fully clad in their best dresses outfitted for exactly this scene. Blue, green, yellow, purple, red colors inviting you to look intently at such uninhibited fun, almost making you wish you were in that scene yourself.

Corruption of Power †Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s bloody and tragic play Macbeth, written in the seventeenth century, portrays blind ambition, appearances can be deceiving and corruption of power. It follows the reasons behind Macbeth’s downfall. The play analyzes how other outside forces can easily change the path of ones desires and decisions. The witches’ intrusion, Lady Macbeth’s manipulation and Macbeth’s dark desires all interfere and manipulate Macbeth’s decisions. He goes from being praised as a noble soldier to a traitor and corrupt king. In the play, Macbeth commits many terrible crimes; however he is solely not responsible for all of them. The outside factors manipulate his decisions and are responsible for his downfall at the end. To begin, the witches’ manipulate Macbeth early in the play by strongly influencing his decisions. The witches scheme to tell Macbeth his fate after a battle has is lost and won. While traveling to King Duncan’s castle Macbeth and Banquo stumble upon the three witches. The first witch greets Macbeth with his current title as the Thane of Glamis, the second witch greets Macbeth as the Thane of Cawdor, and the last witch greets Macbeth as, â€Å"All hail Macbeth that shalt be king hereafter† (1. ii. 53). The greetings are prophecies that plant a negative seed of blind ambition in Macbeth’s thoughts and the predictions are an approach on the witches’ behalf to establish trust. Soon after the witches’ disappear, two Scottish Nobles – Angus and Ross – inform Macbeth of his new title as the Thane of Cawdor in addition to his current title as Thane of Glamis. The news makes Macbeth hopeful and invokes blind ambition, that he may become king. The prediction may come true easily as the Thane of Cawdor title did without causing harm to anyone. Once Macbeth actually becomes King, the pressure and guilt of his actions start to build. He starts to worry and is insecure about his throne because the witches also predict that Banquo’s descendants will become king. He decides to persuade two murders to commit the monstrous crime of murdering his good friend. Macbeth intends to murder Banquo and his son Fleance, because they pose a great threat to his crown. After Macbeth is successful in persuading the two murders he orders the two murders, â€Å"to leave no rubs nor botches in the work/ Fleance, his son, that keeps him company,/ Whose absence is no less material to me† (3. . 153-155). Macbeth shows fear toward the prediction the witches foretold Banquo and this pushes him to murder once again. Moreover, the prediction was not meant directly at Banquo but for his descendants to rule Scotland as future kings. Macbeth does not want this because he desires his own descendents to become future kings. Banquo, and his son Fleance are a mere obstacle that need removing and Macbeth shows no concern or remorse in his decision to murder his dear companion Banquo and his son. Later, Macbeth receives news about Banquo’s death and Fleance’s escape is relief however, it is short lived when Macbeth starts to see the ghost of Banquo. Macbeth is horrified and scared which leads him to the decision of visiting the three witches for answers. Macbeth is feeling insecure and fears Fleance returning and taking the throne away from him. There in a cave, the witches call upon their masters, the three apparitions to answer Macbeth’s request for information. The first apparition, an armed head, informs Macbeth to beware of Macduff. The second apparition, a bloody child, advises Macbeth to be secure and not worry, because any man born from a woman can not hurt Macbeth. Macbeth laughs at this apparition’s prediction because every man is born from a woman and the second apparition’s prediction gives him more confidence and arrogance. Last of all, the final apparition, a crowned child with a tree in its hand, tells Macbeth to be proud and not fearful because he cannot be vanquished â€Å"until/ Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/ Shall come against him† (4. i. 106-107). Macbeth is delighted to hear this prediction from the third apparition because he knows trees can not move and this information gives Macbeth the confidence he was seeking for in order to feel secure about his position and his throne can not be taken away. He feels as if no one can harm him. Although the apparitions are correct, the witches have twisted the truth for Macbeth to feel invincible and confident on the decisions he is making to cause him harm in the near future. Secondly, Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition and false appearance take part in further altering Macbeth’s decisions. Lady Macbeth reads Macbeth’s letter and she immediately starts to plot King Duncan’s murder so the witches’ prophecies can her husbands desires can become true. She knows Macbeth is, â€Å"too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness/†¦ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false/ And yet wouldst wrongly win† (1. V. 17-23). Lady is aware her husband Macbeth is too noble and innocent to hurt an individual for his own personal gain. She knows she will have to persuade Macbeth to murder Duncan in order for him to become king. Later, during the congratulatory dinner, Lady Macbeth convinces a hesitant Macbeth to execute Duncan. At first, Macbeth is hesitant because he thinks he is double crossing trust with the king, he is his kinsman, and tonight Duncan is his guest. Moreover, Duncan has done no wrong to deserve death. Macbeth confesses to Lady Macbeth he can not murder Duncan however, Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Art thou afeard/†¦Wouldst thou have that/ Which thou esteem’st the ornament of life/And live a coward in thine own esteem† (1. vii. 43-47). Lady Macbeth is challenging his manhood by calling him a coward. She is manipulating Macbeth by playing with his insecurities and leaving him confused and in a vulnerable state. Lady Macbeth takes advantage of the moment and convinces Macbeth to murder Duncan to prove he is a man and worthy of his manhood. As the dinner goes on, Lady Macbeth keeps up a perfect facade of an innocent, gentle host dressed in white gown. However, she is deceiving everybody because as the guards drink and party the night away she laces their drinks to knock them. Therefore, later the blame of Duncan’s murder can be put on their heads. After midnight, Macbeth murders Duncan and he is mortified and paranoid. Macbeth is disgusted at himself however, Lady Macbeth convinces him â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame/ To wear a heart so white/†¦ A little water clears us of this deed† (2. ii. 83-87). She manipulates Macbeth in thinking the murder of Duncan is just a step to complete his desires. She completes the murder and helps Macbeth wash his hands as well as hers. She reassures him they will not be caught because she cleverly drugged and put the bloody draggers in the guard’s hands. In addition, explains their cover story as being asleep while this dreadful deed took place. Moreover, Lady Macbeth uses her blind ambition and false appearance to manipulate Macbeth’s decisions and deceive the individuals around them to achieve Macbeth’s desires and complete the witches’ prophecies. Thirdly, Macbeth’s dark desires start to transform Macbeth from a noble soldier to a tyrant and a corrupt king as a result, of the manipulation from the witches’ and blind ambition from his wife – Lady Macbeth. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is praised for successfully vanquishing the enemy and his army alongside his loyal companion and solider, Banquo. After the battle, King Duncan praises Macbeth as, â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman† (1. ii. 26). The praise gives Macbeth great respect and honour because ‘cousin’ is referred to an individual who is highly trusted and respected. Macbeth is praised because of his respectful deeds of protecting the king and eliminating the enemy threat. The good words Duncan says to Macbeth honour him in a positive way. However, soon after the witches tell Macbeth the prophecies; the second prophecy becomes true and he is awarded the tile of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth travels to King Duncan’s castle to let him know of his appreciation towards the kind gesture. However, at the castle Macbeth’s desires start to change. Duncan announces his eldest son, Malcolm, will be the heir to the throne after his passing away. Macbeth says in an aside, â€Å"Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see black and deep desires† (1. iv. 57-58). The seed that the witches’ are responsible for planting inside of Macbeth’s noble thoughts earlier starts to evolve into less noble thoughts of becoming king. Now Macbeth is starting to feel jealous towards Malcolm. He tries to convince himself that such negative thoughts are not good and should not remain in his mind any further. Moreover, Macbeth is scared and hopes no one is aware of his negative thoughts towards Malcolm. Moreover, Macbeth now carries the burdens of two murders; of King Duncan, and his good friend Banquo. However, he starts to feels insecure once again due to the apparition’s prediction of being aware of Macduff. Macbeth states, â€Å"From this moment/ The very firstlings of my heart shall be/ The firstlings of my hand† (4. . 166-168), and orders in a rushed decision to execute every living soul in Macduff’s castle so he can sleep better at night. The irrational order to slaughter innocent people in Macduff’s castle proves how Macbeth is abusing his power of king. Macbeth is punishing Macduff’s innocent family for Macduff’s treason. However, Macduff’s family is not even aware of Macduff’s decisions and treason. Macbeth s ays he does not care what he does or how it will affect the others around him as long as it will help him sleep better at night. This proves Macbeth is no longer noble but a tyrant and corrupt king. Furthermore, the changes Macbeth undergoes, from a noble solider to a tyrant and corrupt king occur due to his dark desires; his decisions were affected by the witches’ manipulation and by his wife, Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition. To conclude, Macbeth is not responsible for all his terrible crimes he commits throughout the play. The witches’ manipulation, his wife – Lady Macbeth’s blind ambition and Macbeth’s desires hinder with noble Macbeth’s decisions and cause him to become Tyrant and Black Macbeth. At the beginning of the play he is the great and noble solider praised by King Duncan, but later transforms to a psychotic and corrupt king. He killed innocent people to get to his position as king and to further secure it. Furthermore, Shakespeare portrays in his play Macbeth, blind ambition, appearances can be deceiving and corruption of power and how they can be outside forces contributing to one’s downfall. In Macbeth’s case, outside forces influence his decisions and ultimately lead to his destruction.

Free Essays on Work In Today Society

Today you have to work in order to survive in this world. There are a few lucky people out there who were born rich. For instance Paris Hilton, the day she was born she had nothing to worry about, she’s worth millions and for the rest of her life she does not have to pick up a finger. But, there are only a few of these types of â€Å"born rich† people out there. The rest of use common people have to work to earn a living and to buy the things that we want and need everyday. We work all day all long, seven days a week. We give all our energy to our jobs and when we come home, our batteries are empty. We are just too tired to involve ourselves in our family. We would rather eat dinner, watch TV alone and go to bed. Even though working is important, it drastically has taken away the time we spend on our families. For once there was an era of Leave it to Beaver, were the father worked nine to five came house to a wonderful wife and kids. Were dinner was made, and afterwards family time was top priority. But today’s world is more like the Huxstables, were both parents are working and at the end of working day, they are too tired to give to there families. Studs Terkel, the author of {Two Prefaces from Working} said â€Å"When I get home, I argue with my wife a little bit. Turn on the TV, get made at the news†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Terkel gives us a prime example on how many people view there lives. They work hard all day, running around in there offices, running errands and so forth. By the time they come home they have nothing more to give. They are tired and grumpy. They would rather eat there dinner in silence and merge over to the living room couch and watch TV, rather then spend quality time with the family. It would just be too much to do in one day. Work has taken away, considerably, the time we spend with our families. Many kids are left alone all day, to do whatever they please while there parents work to make enough money to pay the bills.... Free Essays on Work In Today Society Free Essays on Work In Today Society Today you have to work in order to survive in this world. There are a few lucky people out there who were born rich. For instance Paris Hilton, the day she was born she had nothing to worry about, she’s worth millions and for the rest of her life she does not have to pick up a finger. But, there are only a few of these types of â€Å"born rich† people out there. The rest of use common people have to work to earn a living and to buy the things that we want and need everyday. We work all day all long, seven days a week. We give all our energy to our jobs and when we come home, our batteries are empty. We are just too tired to involve ourselves in our family. We would rather eat dinner, watch TV alone and go to bed. Even though working is important, it drastically has taken away the time we spend on our families. For once there was an era of Leave it to Beaver, were the father worked nine to five came house to a wonderful wife and kids. Were dinner was made, and afterwards family time was top priority. But today’s world is more like the Huxstables, were both parents are working and at the end of working day, they are too tired to give to there families. Studs Terkel, the author of {Two Prefaces from Working} said â€Å"When I get home, I argue with my wife a little bit. Turn on the TV, get made at the news†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Terkel gives us a prime example on how many people view there lives. They work hard all day, running around in there offices, running errands and so forth. By the time they come home they have nothing more to give. They are tired and grumpy. They would rather eat there dinner in silence and merge over to the living room couch and watch TV, rather then spend quality time with the family. It would just be too much to do in one day. Work has taken away, considerably, the time we spend with our families. Many kids are left alone all day, to do whatever they please while there parents work to make enough money to pay the bills....

History of the Yellow Star Inscribed With Jude

History of the Yellow Star Inscribed With Jude The yellow star, inscribed with the word Jude (Jew in German), has become a symbol of Nazi persecution. Its likeness abounds upon Holocaust literature and materials. But the Jewish badge was not instituted in 1933 when Hitler came to power. It was not instituted in 1935 when the Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship. It was still not implemented by Kristallnacht in 1938. The oppression and labeling of the Jews by use of the Jewish badge did not begin until after the start of the Second World War. And even then, it began as local laws rather than as a unified Nazi policy. Whether Nazis Where First to Implement a Jewish Badge The Nazis rarely had an original idea. Almost always what made the Nazi policies different was that they intensified, magnified, and institutionalized age-old methods of persecution. The oldest reference to using mandatory articles of clothing to identify and distinguish Jews from the rest of society was in 807 CE. In this year, Abbassid caliph Haroun al-Raschid ordered all Jews to wear a yellow belt and a tall, cone-like hat.1 But it was in 1215 that the Fourth Lateran Council, presided over by Pope Innocent III, made its infamous decree. Canon 68 declared: Jews and Saracens [Muslims] of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress.2 This Council represented all of Christendom and thus this decree was to be enforced throughout all of the Christian countries. The use of a badge was not instantaneous throughout Europe nor were the dimensions or shape of the badge uniform. As early as 1217, King Henry III of England ordered Jews to wear on the front of their upper garment the two tablets of the Ten Commandments made of white linen or parchment.3 In France, local variations of the badge continued until Louis IX decreed in 1269 that both men and women were to wear badges on the outer garment, both front and back, round pieces of yellow felt or linen, a palm long and four fingers wide.4 In Germany and Austria, Jews were distinguishable in the latter half of the 1200s when the wearing of a horned hat otherwise known as a Jewish hat - an article of clothing that Jews had worn freely before the crusades - became mandatory. It wasnt until the fifteenth century when a badge became the distinguishing article in Germany and Austria. The use of badges became relatively widespread throughout Europe within a couple of centuries and continued to be used as distinctive markings until the age of Enlightenment. In 1781, Joseph II of Austria made major torrents into the use of a badge with his Edict of Tolerance and many other countries discontinued their use of badges very late in the eighteenth century. When the Nazis Decided to Re-Use the Jewish Badge The first reference to a Jewish badge during the Nazi era was made by the German Zionist leader, Robert Weltsch. During the Nazi declared boycott upon Jewish stores on April 1, 1933, yellow Stars of David were painted on windows. In reaction to this, Weltsch wrote an article entitled Tragt ihn mit Stolz, den gelben Fleck (Wear the Yellow Badge with Pride) which was published on April 4, 1933. At this time, Jewish badges had yet even to be discussed among the top Nazis. It is believed that the first time that the implementation of a Jewish badge was discussed among the Nazi leaders was right after Kristallnacht in 1938. At a meeting on November 12, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich made the first suggestion about a badge. But it wasnt until after the Second World War began in September 1939 that individual authorities implemented a Jewish badge in the Nazi German-occupied territories of Poland. For instance, on November 16, 1939, the order for a Jewish badge was announced in Lodz. We are returning to the Middle Ages. The yellow patch once again becomes a part of Jewish dress. Today an order was announced that all Jews, no matter what age or sex, have to wear a band of Jewish-yellow, 10 centimeters wide, on their right arm, just below the armpit.5 Various locales within occupied Poland had their own regulations about size, color, and shape of the badge to be worn until Hans Frank made a decree that affected all of the Government General in Poland. On November 23, 1939, Hans Frank, the chief officer of the Government General, declared that all Jews above ten years of age were to wear a white badge with a Star of David on their right arm. It wasnt until nearly two years later that a decree, issued on September 1, 1941, issued badges to Jews within Germany as well as occupied and incorporated Poland. This badge was the yellow Star of David with the word Jude (Jew) and worn on the left side of ones chest. How Implementing the Jewish Badge Helped the Nazis Of  course, the obvious benefit of the badge to the Nazis was the visual labeling of the Jews. No longer would the rabble only be able to attack and persecute those Jews with stereotypical Jewish features or forms of dress, now all Jews and  part-Jews  were open to the various Nazi actions. The badge made a distinction. One day there were just people on the street, and the next day, there were Jews and non-Jews. A common reaction was as Gertrud Scholtz-Klinks stated in her answer to the question, What did you think when one day in 1941 you saw so many of your fellow Berliners appear with yellow stars on their coats? Her answer, I dont know how to say it. There were so many. I felt that my aesthetic sensibility was wounded. 6   All of a sudden, stars were everywhere, just like Hitler had said there were. How the Badge Affected Jews At first, many Jews felt humiliated about having to wear the badge. As in Warsaw: For many weeks the Jewish intelligentsia retired to voluntary house arrest. Nobody dared to go out into the street with the stigma on his arm, and if compelled to do so, tried to sneak through without being noticed, in shame and in pain, with his eyes fixed to the ground.7 The badge was an obvious, visual, step back to the Middle Ages, a time before Emancipation. But soon after its implementation, the badge represented more than humiliation and shame, it represented fear. If a Jew forgot to wear their badge they could be fined or imprisoned, but often, it meant beatings or death. Jews came up with ways to remind themselves not to go out without their badge. Posters often could be found at the exit doors of apartments that warned Jews by stating: Remember the Badge! Have you already put on the Badge? The Badge! Attention, the Badge! Before leaving the  building,  put on the Badge! But remembering to wear the badge was not their only fear. Wearing the badge meant that they were targets for attacks and that they could be grabbed for forced labor. Many Jews attempted to hide the badge. When the badge was a white armband with a Star of David, men and women would wear white shirts or blouses. When the badge was yellow and worn on the chest, Jews would carry objects and hold them in such a way as to cover their badge. To make sure that Jews could be easily noticed, some local authorities added additional stars to be worn on the back and even on one knee. But those werent the only rules. And, actually, what made the fear of the badge even greater were the other innumerable infractions for which Jews could be punished. Jews could be punished for wearing a creased or  folded  badge. They could be punished for wearing their badge a centimeter out of place. They could be punished for attaching the badge using a safety pin rather than sewing it onto their clothing.9 The use of safety pins was an effort to conserve badges and yet give themselves flexibility in outfits. Jews were required to wear a badge on their outer clothing - thus, at least on their dress or shirt and on their overcoat. But often, the material for badges or the badges themselves were scarce, so the number of dresses or shirts that one owned far exceeded the availability of badges. In order to wear more than one dress or shirt all the time, Jews would safety pin a badge onto their clothing for easy transfer of the badge to the next days clothing. The Nazis did not like the practice of safety pinning for they believed it was so the Jews could easily take off their star if danger seemed near. And it very often was. Under the Nazi regime, Jews were constantly in danger. Up to the time when Jewish badges were implemented, uniform persecution against the Jews could not be accomplished. With the visual labeling of Jews, the years of haphazard persecution quickly changed to organized destruction. References 1. Joseph Telushkin,  Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History  (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991) 163.2. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215: Decree Concerning the Garb Distinguishing Jews from Christians, Canon 68 as quoted in Guido Kisch, The Yellow Badge in History,  Historia Judaica  4.2 (1942): 103.3. Kisch, Yellow Badge 105.4. Kisch, Yellow Badge 106.5. Dawid Sierakowiak,  The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) 63.6. Claudia Koonz,  Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics  (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987) xxi.7. Lieb Spizman as quoted in Philip Friedman,  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust  (New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980) 24.8. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18.9. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18. Sources Friedman, Philip. Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980.Kisch, Guido. The Yellow Badge in History. Historia Judaica 4.2 (1942): 95-127.Koonz, Claudia. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. New York: St. Martins Press, 1987.Sierakowiak, Dawid. The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the  Lodz Ghetto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Straus, Raphael. The Jewish Hat as an Aspect of Social History. Jewish Social Studies 4.1 (1942): 59-72.Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991.

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Bark Extract Mediated Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis

Bark Extract Mediated Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Bark extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy: A low cost effective synthesis route Debasis Nayak, Sarbani Ashe, Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Manisha Singh, Bismita Nayak Abstract In this current investigation we report the biosynthesis potential of the bark extracts of Ficus benghalensis and Azadirachta indica for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles without using any external reducing or capping agent. The occurrence of dark brown color indicated the complete synthesis of the silver nanoparticles which was validated by the absorbance peak in UV-Vis spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesized particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns clearly illustrated the crystalline phase of the synthesized nanoparticles. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was performed to identify the role of various functional groups in the nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized sliver nanoparticles showed promising results against gram negative and gram positive pathogens which could have a broad therapeutic role against multiple drug resistan t bacteria. Keywords: Green synthesis, silver nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), antimicrobial Introduction Silver, a noble metal maintains its exceptional optical and electronic properties in quantum size [1-2] which paved its curiosity towards the nano regime. The interest in silver nanoparticles gained prominence owing to its excellent plasmonic activity, bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects compared with the other metal nanoparticles and its versatile use in dentistry, clothing, catalysis, mirrors, optics, photography, electronics, and in the food industry [3].Conventional physical and chemical methods for stable nanomaterial synthesis present the problem of nanoparticle aggregation, harsh reaction conditions and the toxicity of the reagents used. So for synthesis of monodispersed and stable nanoparticles with reduced toxicity concerns new synthetic routes based on green chemistry principles have been explored [4, 5]. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green chemistry principles maximizes safety and efficiency, and minimises the environmental and societal impact of toxic raw ma terials. Green synthesis of nanoparticles focuses on three important aspects i.e. (i) use of green solvents, (ii) use of an eco-friendly benign reducing agent, and (iii) use of a nontoxic material as a stabilizer [6]. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant extract has been reported [4, 7]. The extracts contains different enzymes/proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, poly phenols, etc., which act as both reducing and capping agents during the nanoparticle synthesis [8]. Ficus benghalensis commonly known as ‘banyan’ is an evergreen tree found all over India and belongs to the family Moraceae. Its various parts are used in ayurveda for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, rheumatism and as an astringent, haemostatic and antiseptic agent. The bark has been reported to contain leucopelargonidin-3-O-ÃŽ ±-L rhamnoside, leucocynidin-3-O-ÃŽ ±-D galactosyl cellobioside, glucoside, beta glucoside, pentatriacontan-5-one, beta sitostero-ÃŽ ± -D-glucose [9-13]. Azadirachta indica (family- Meliaceae) is commonly called as ‘village dispensary’ in traditional medicine as the tree has its efficacy in every disease. Different compounds have been isolated from the bark extract such as Nimbin, Nimbinin, Deacetyl nimbin, Nimbinene, 6-Deacetyl nimbinene, Nimbandiol, polysaccharides G1A, G1B, G2A, G3A, NB-2 peptidoglucan [14-17]. The neem bark has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti malarial, antioxidant and anticancer activity [18]. Various plants parts have been used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles but rarely the barks have been used. In the present study the barks of Ficus bengalensis and Azadirachta indica have been employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The leaves of Azadirachta were used as a reference sample as much work has been already been done on the ability of A. indica leaves for synthesis of Ag-NPs [19]. Experimental Section Silver nitrate, Mueller Hinton agar and Mueller Hinton broth of analytical grade were purchased from Hi-Media laboratories and deionised water was used throughout the experiment. Preparation of bark extract The barks of F. benghalensis and A. indica were collected from the campus of NIT, Rourkela. They were washed properly with deionised water to remove any traces of dust and impurities. The bark extract of F. benghalensis and A. indica was prepared by dissolving 5g of the bark powder with 50 ml of distilled water and boiled in a water bath at 50 ºC for 1 hour. The extracts were filtered using whatman filter paper and kept at 4 ºC until used. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles 90 ml of silver nitrate solution (1M) was mixed with 10 ml of bark extract and the reaction mixture was kept in a water bath at different temperature conditions (20, 40, 60 and 80 ºC) till the occurrence of the dark reddish color of the reaction mixture. After the color change inference the nanoparticle solutions were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 45 min (C24-BL centrifuge, REMI, India) thrice with successive washing with distilled water to remove any traces of un-utilized bark phyto-constituents. The resultant pellet was lyophilized and stored for further characterizations. Characterization To investigate the ideal temperature and time required for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles the reaction mixture was monitored periodically in a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Lambda 35 ® (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MS, USA)) operated at a resolution of 1 nm at room temperature scanned in the wavelength range of 400-600 nm. The hydrodynamic (Z-Average) size, polydispersity index (PDI) and surface zeta potential (charge) of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by Zeta sizer (Zs 90, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK) and the results were obtained by the Malvern ZS nano software. The morphology of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (Jeol 6480LV jsm microscope). The nanoparticles were fixed on adequate support and coated with platinum using platinum sputter module in a higher vacuum evaporator. Observations under different magnifications were performed at 20kv. Further morphological studies were done by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Dimension D3100, Veeco) in contact mode under normal atmospheric conditions. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of silver nanoparticles was obtained using X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical X’Pert, Almelo, The Netherlands) equipped with Ni filter and Cu KÃŽ ± (l = 1.54056 Ã…) radiation source. The diffraction angle was varied in the range of 20-80 degrees while the scanning rate was 0.05degree/s. The Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR- FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was conducted to corroborate the possible role of the various phytochemicals present in the bark extract on the surface modification of the synthesized nanoparticles. The ATR- FTIR was performed on a Bruker ALPHA spectrophotometer (Ettlinger, Germany) with a resolution of 4 cm-1. The samples were scanned in the spectral region between 4000 and 500 cm-1 by taking an average of 25 scans per sample. 1 drop of sample was kept of the sample holder and the samples were scanned and the result obtained was analyzed through OPUS software. Antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial activity of the green synthesized AgNPs against the nosocomial Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio cholerae were investigated by agar well diffusion method. Briefly, the pathogenic strains were grown on Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) (HI-MEDIA, Mumbai) at 37 ºC for 24 hours. The colony forming unit (CFU) was adjusted to 2.5 X 10-5 CFU by adjusting it with 0.5 McFarland constant and observing the OD at 600 nm in a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer [20]. Then, the stains were swabbed onto Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plate (in triplicates) and wells were formed by using a cork borer. 100 µl of the synthesized AgNPs were added to each well having a concentration of 1000 µg/ml and the plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. The mean surface area of the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured in mm. Results and discussion The optimal temperature and time required for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-vis spectra results are an indirect and most efficient method for detecting the formation of the nanoparticle. The reaction process was followed by observing the color change as well as the absorbance maxima peak in the range of 420-460 nm. Fig. 1 shows the time taken for the total synthesis of the nanoparticles when the reaction mixture was incubated at 80  ºC. The absorption peaks were observed at 426 nm and 420 nm for the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively within 30 minutes of incubation suggesting a very rapid synthesis route. The occurrence of the absorption peak is due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) property of the metallic nanoparticles which occurs due to the oscillation of free electrons on the surface of the metal lic nanoparticles when they align in resonance to the wavelength of irradiated light [21]. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic size, poly dispersity index and surface zeta potential of the synthesised silver nanoparticles in a colloidal aqueous environment. When dispersed in a medium the particles move due to the Brownian motion which is measured by the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light from which the translational diffusion co-efficient is calculated by applying the Stokes-Einstein equation which gives the hydrodynamic size of the particle [22]. Fig. 2 (a,b) shows the size of the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica which were 85.95 nm and 90.13 nm respectively. The poly dispersity index (PDI) is the measure of the width of the particle size distribution calculated from a cumulants analysis of the DLS measured intensity autocorrelation function where a single particle size is assumed and a single exponential fit is applied to the autocorrelation function [23]. Th e PDI value ‘0’ represents monodisperse distribution where as value ‘1’ represents polydisperse distribution. Fig. 2 (c, d) shows the surface zeta potential of the synthesized silver nanoparticles from the respective bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. Zeta potential is a measure of the magnitude of the electrostatic or charge repulsion or attraction between particles in a liquid suspension. It is one of the essential parameters for characterization of stability of the nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Particles with zeta potentials more positive than +30 mV and more negative than −30 mV are normally considered stable for colloidal dispersion in the absence of steric stabilization. [24]. Table.1 shows the hydrodynamic size, PDI and zeta potential of the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. Fig. 3 shows the typical image of the surface morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roughly spherical surface morphology of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was clearly illustrated by the SEM micrographs. Fig. 4 shows the pictographs of the 3D surface morphology and size analysis graphs obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM). The size obtained from the AFM pictographs in the contact mode from the line analysis measurement by using the SPMLab programmed Veeco diInnova software were 68 nm and 7.38 nm for silver nanoparticles synthesized from bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a non-destructive technique to identify the crystalline phase, orientation and grain size of the synthesized nanoparticles. Fig. 5 shows a typical XRD diffractogram showing Bragg peaks (angle 2ÃŽ ¸) at 32.19 º, 38.15 º, 44.28 º, 64.46 º, 77.37 º and 32.11 º, 37.96 º, 44.18 º, 64.37 º, 77.23 º for the silver nanoparticles synthesised from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively which corresponds to (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) miller indices thus, confirming the formation of face centred cubic (FCC) crystalline elemental silver indexed with the JCPDS data 04-0783. Many unassigned peaks were seen which might be due to the crystallization of the bioorganic phases that occur on the surface of the synthesised nanoparticles [25-26]. The average grain size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined by using Scherer’s eqn [d= KÃŽ »/ÃŽ ² cos ÃŽ ¸] where, ‘d’ is the mean diamet er of the particle; ‘K’ is the shape factor (0.9); ‘Î »Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is the X-ray radiation source (0.154 nm) ; ‘Î ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is (Ï€/180)* FWHM and ‘Î ¸Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is the Bragg angle [27] which was approx. 29 nm and 39 nm for the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. The ATR-FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the chemical transformation that occurred during the interaction between the functional groups present in bark extract and formation of the nanoparticles. Fig. 6 shows a typical ATR-FTIR spectrum of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. Nearly similar peaks were observed in both the synthesized silver nanoparticles some of which occurred at 3590 cm-1, 3340 cm-1, 2310 cm-1, 1693cm-1, 1519cm-1 and 615 cm-1 for silver nanoparticles synthesized from the bark extract of F. benghalensis and 3617cm-1, 3332cm-1, 2319cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1523 cm-1, 1523 cm-1 and 635cm-1 absorption peaks occurred for silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of A. indica. The absorption peaks were assigned to the presence of the following functional groups: O-H stretching (presence of alcohols and phenols), N-H stretching (presence of primary and secondary amines), C ≠¡N stretching (presence of nitriles), C=C stretching (presence of aromatic rings) and C-H stretching (presence of alkynes). From fig 4 it can be clearly seen that the O-H and N-H functional group has a clear role in the fabrication of silver nanoparticles which are the main constitutional groups present in the flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols. Although the exact mechanism for the reduction of silver nanoparticles is not know Ajitha et al proposed that the flavonoids present in T. purpurea leaf extract may act as powerful reducing agent and the carboxylate group present in the proteins may act as surfactant to attach on the surface of the nanoparticles resulting in their stabilization during the synthesis reaction [28]. The results obtained from the mangrove leaf bud extract of R. mucronata [29] were quite similar to our ATR-FTIR results thus furnishing a coherent role of the bark extract as reducing and capping agents to prevent agglomeration of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The antibacterial potential of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by the agar well diffusion assay. Fig. 7 shows well defined zones of inhibition (diameter in mm) against gram positive strains of Bacillus subtilis and gram negative strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera when 100 µl of 1000 µg/ml of the synthesized nanoparticles were supplied to the agar wells (9mm). In this experiment the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the leaves extract of A. indica was used as a standard as its antimicrobial potential has already been demonstrated by Nazeruddin et al [19]. Our results show slightly higher zone of inhibition against gram negative strains as compared to gram positive isolates. This may be attributed to differences in structure and composition of cell wall between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The thin peptidoglycan layer enveloped by the lipopolysaccharide layer lacks strength and rigidity, facilitating easy penetrat ion of silver nanoparticles into the cells. While a gram positive bacterium possesses a thick and rigid peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall which makes the entry of silver nanoparticles into the cell difficult [30]. Though the antimicrobial activity is very prominent by the silver nanoparticles, its mode of action is still debatable. It has been proposed that silver nanoparticles has the ability to attach with the bacterial cell membrane causing structural changes in its membrane leading to the formation of ‘pits’ where they accumulate [31]. Feng et al and Matsumura et al proposed that silver nanoparticles release silver ions which interact with the thiol groups of many enzymes thus inactivating most of the respiratory chain enzymes leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes the self destruction of the bacterial cell [32-33]. According to Morones et al., silver acts as soft acid which acts upon the sulphur and phosphorus bases of DNA and ina ctivates its replication and thus inactivating the nuclear machinery of the cell [34]. Conclusion The present study on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica is a novel, cost-effective, environmental friendly route of synthesis having large scale production ability where no additional reducing agents or capping agents were employed for the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were highly crystalline, roughly spherical in shape having mean grain size of 29 and 39 nm each. Thus with further modifications these synthesized nanoparticles can be used as suitable candidates for biomedical applications and as therapeutics for targeted drug delivery with minimal side effects. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against the gram negative and the gram positive bacterial strains which could boost them as antimicrobial agents with the day to day emerging cases of multiple drug resistant pathogens. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Archana Mallick, Dept of Metallurgical Materials Engineering for helping in AFM images and NIT, Rourkela for supporting and funding the current research work.